Compressed air spray that surprises the animal without stress. The trick is to take action at just the right moment and therefore the ideal is to have it always with you in early education; hence the interest of the pouch on the belt seller that few make yourself too (old telescope bag for me) What amazes me is that literally well used, not only the dog stop his stupidity, do not panic as sometimes with a shrug tone but mostly it is absolutely calmed after. My dog "bullshit" mode has a strong tendency to relapse to test with the spray (I emphasize the right time even if it makes sense) it stops and then goes down alone. It "takes away" the fixation of his head (fixation = jump on someone, empty flower pot etc) Anyway, I hope you have as good results as me. Never even tried "self defense" vs aggressive dog but recommended by many educators.